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<p>
在電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展的當(dāng)下，電池作為核心動(dòng)力源，其安全性能直接關(guān)系到使用者人身安全、財(cái)產(chǎn)安全及公共安全。過(guò)充是電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)電池最易引發(fā)安全隱患的場(chǎng)景之一，充電過(guò)程中若充電設(shè)備不匹配、保護(hù)機(jī)制失效或充電時(shí)長(zhǎng)失控，會(huì)導(dǎo)致電池內(nèi)部發(fā)生異?；瘜W(xué)反應(yīng)，引發(fā)鼓包、漏液、起火甚至爆炸等安全事故。電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)電池過(guò)充安全可靠性測(cè)試，以GB 31241-2024《便攜式電子產(chǎn)品用鋰離子電池和電池組 安全技術(shù)規(guī)范》為核心依據(jù)，通過(guò)科學(xué)模擬過(guò)充場(chǎng)景、精準(zhǔn)監(jiān)測(cè)電池響應(yīng)，驗(yàn)證電池在過(guò)充環(huán)境下的安全防護(hù)能力，為電池設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)管控、市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入及安全使用提供剛性技術(shù)支撐，是規(guī)范電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)產(chǎn)業(yè)健康發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。
</p>
<h2 class="heading-2 ace-line old-record-id-ZiKDffqsDdKAQEc7he4ci7sHnqc">
一、電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)電池過(guò)充安全可靠性測(cè)試的核心意義
</h2>
<p>
電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)電池多采用鋰離子電池，其自身電化學(xué)特性決定了過(guò)充狀態(tài)下的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性——過(guò)充會(huì)打破電池內(nèi)部正負(fù)極的電荷平衡，導(dǎo)致鋰離子析出、電解液分解，進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生大量熱量和氣體，觸發(fā)熱失控，最終引發(fā)安全事故。當(dāng)前，電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)充電場(chǎng)景分散、充電設(shè)備規(guī)格不一、部分產(chǎn)品缺乏完善的過(guò)充保護(hù)設(shè)計(jì)，進(jìn)一步放大了過(guò)充安全隱患，因此開(kāi)展過(guò)充安全可靠性測(cè)試具有重要現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
</p>
<p>
測(cè)試的核心價(jià)值在于提前排查電池過(guò)充狀態(tài)下的安全隱患，明確電池過(guò)充防護(hù)的能力邊界，確保電池在意外過(guò)充場(chǎng)景下能夠通過(guò)自身保護(hù)機(jī)制（如過(guò)充保護(hù)電路、溫度保護(hù)裝置）抵御風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，避免發(fā)生熱失控等惡性安全事故。同時(shí)，測(cè)試也是電池產(chǎn)品合規(guī)性與市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入的核心前提，GB 31241-2024作為強(qiáng)制性國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，明確要求電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)所用鋰離子電池及電池組必須通過(guò)過(guò)充安全測(cè)試，未達(dá)標(biāo)的產(chǎn)品不得出廠、銷(xiāo)售和使用。此外，測(cè)試結(jié)果還能為電池設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化提供精準(zhǔn)方向，幫助研發(fā)人員識(shí)別過(guò)充保護(hù)薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，提升電池安全性能，降低產(chǎn)品售后安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和企業(yè)合規(guī)成本。
</p>
<h2 class="heading-2 ace-line old-record-id-Cvinf0EFCdMuAhc5VBacUCemnwc">
二、測(cè)試核心依據(jù)——GB 31241-2024標(biāo)準(zhǔn)核心要求
</h2>
<p>
GB 31241-2024作為電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)電池過(guò)充安全測(cè)試的核心依據(jù)，明確了測(cè)試的適用范圍、技術(shù)要求、測(cè)試方法及合格判據(jù)，統(tǒng)一了測(cè)試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，確保測(cè)試結(jié)果的科學(xué)性、準(zhǔn)確性和可比性。該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雖適用于便攜式電子產(chǎn)品用鋰離子電池和電池組，但結(jié)合電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)電池的使用場(chǎng)景和性能特點(diǎn)，其關(guān)于過(guò)充安全的要求的核心條款均適用于電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)電池，為電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)電池過(guò)充測(cè)試提供了明確的技術(shù)遵循，同時(shí)與國(guó)家強(qiáng)制性產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證（CCC認(rèn)證）要求銜接，成為電池產(chǎn)品獲證的必要條件。
</p>
<p>
GB 31241-2024針對(duì)電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)電池過(guò)充測(cè)試的核心要求，重點(diǎn)明確了三個(gè)方面：一是測(cè)試對(duì)象覆蓋單體電池和電池組，其中電池組的過(guò)充測(cè)試需在正常工作條件和保護(hù)元器件單一故障條件下分別開(kāi)展，要求電池組需具備雙重保護(hù)設(shè)計(jì)以滿(mǎn)足測(cè)試要求；二是明確了過(guò)充測(cè)試的基礎(chǔ)參數(shù)，規(guī)范了充電電壓、充電電流的設(shè)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，其中單體電池過(guò)充測(cè)試需采用1.5倍額定充電電壓的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，確保測(cè)試場(chǎng)景貼合實(shí)際過(guò)充風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；三是界定了測(cè)試環(huán)境、監(jiān)測(cè)要求及合格判據(jù)，明確測(cè)試過(guò)程中需實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)電池溫度、電壓等關(guān)鍵參數(shù)，溫度數(shù)據(jù)采樣間隔需小于1s，準(zhǔn)確度要求為±2℃，為測(cè)試實(shí)施提供了剛性規(guī)范。
</p>
<p>
此外，GB 31241-2024還明確了測(cè)試過(guò)程中的安全防護(hù)要求，規(guī)定測(cè)試需在具備防火、防爆、通風(fēng)功能的專(zhuān)用測(cè)試環(huán)境中開(kāi)展，避免測(cè)試過(guò)程中因電池異常引發(fā)二次安全事故。同時(shí)，該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與相關(guān)配套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)銜接，明確電池過(guò)充測(cè)試需結(jié)合電池標(biāo)識(shí)、數(shù)據(jù)采集等相關(guān)要求，確保測(cè)試的全面性和規(guī)范性，與市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管總局關(guān)于鋰離子電池CCC認(rèn)證的要求保持一致，形成了“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求-測(cè)試驗(yàn)證-合規(guī)準(zhǔn)入”的完整體系。
</p>
<h2 class="heading-2 ace-line old-record-id-TfQFfYOx0dzR9Pcn0tPcKlRVnye">
三、電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)電池過(guò)充安全可靠性核心測(cè)試內(nèi)容
</h2>
<p>
電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)電池過(guò)充安全可靠性測(cè)試圍繞“模擬過(guò)充場(chǎng)景、監(jiān)測(cè)電池響應(yīng)、驗(yàn)證安全性能”展開(kāi)，基于GB 31241-2024要求，分為單體電池過(guò)充測(cè)試和電池組過(guò)充測(cè)試兩大核心類(lèi)別，各測(cè)試類(lèi)別均有明確的測(cè)試參數(shù)、操作規(guī)范和監(jiān)測(cè)要求，覆蓋過(guò)充觸發(fā)、過(guò)程監(jiān)測(cè)、結(jié)果評(píng)估全流程。
</p>
<h3 class="heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-Q9LPfRPQPddEnvcLaJXcKBYrnpf">
（一）單體電池過(guò)充測(cè)試
</h3>
<p>
單體電池作為電池組的核心單元，其過(guò)充安全性能直接決定電池組整體安全水平，因此單體電池過(guò)充測(cè)試是整個(gè)測(cè)試的基礎(chǔ)環(huán)節(jié)。測(cè)試按照GB 31241-2024規(guī)定，采用恒流恒壓充電模式，充電電壓設(shè)定為單體電池額定充電電壓的1.5倍，充電電流設(shè)定為電池能持續(xù)工作的最大電流，持續(xù)充電至電池發(fā)生熱失控或荷電狀態(tài)達(dá)到3倍額定容量，若未發(fā)生熱失控，需繼續(xù)觀察1小時(shí)。測(cè)試過(guò)程中，需嚴(yán)格按照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求布置溫度傳感器，其中硬殼、軟包及圓柱形電池的溫度傳感器布置位置各有明確規(guī)范，確保精準(zhǔn)監(jiān)測(cè)電池表面溫度變化，同時(shí)實(shí)時(shí)記錄電池電壓、電流及溫度數(shù)據(jù)，跟蹤電池狀態(tài)變化。
</p>
<h3 class="heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-XK8yf0ePDdnMHZcPtsqcNE0lnKg">
（二）電池組過(guò)充測(cè)試
</h3>
<p>
電池組過(guò)充測(cè)試是測(cè)試的核心環(huán)節(jié)，結(jié)合電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)電池組的實(shí)際使用場(chǎng)景，GB 31241-2024要求電池組過(guò)充測(cè)試需分為兩種場(chǎng)景開(kāi)展：正常工作條件下的過(guò)充測(cè)試和保護(hù)元器件單一故障條件下的過(guò)充測(cè)試。測(cè)試時(shí)，將電池組置于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的環(huán)境中，按照1.5倍額定充電電壓、規(guī)定充電電流施加過(guò)充信號(hào)，同時(shí)確保電池組中其他單體電池不發(fā)生過(guò)充。測(cè)試過(guò)程中，需實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)電池組的總電壓、單體電池電壓、表面溫度及電流變化，重點(diǎn)觀察電池組過(guò)充保護(hù)裝置（如BMS電池管理系統(tǒng)）的響應(yīng)速度和保護(hù)效果，驗(yàn)證電池組在不同過(guò)充場(chǎng)景下的安全防護(hù)能力。
</p>
<h3 class="heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-VnJLfQR37dLEzFc8rl5cbIcPn8f">
（三）測(cè)試關(guān)鍵監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)
</h3>
<p>
依據(jù)GB 31241-2024要求，過(guò)充測(cè)試過(guò)程中需重點(diǎn)監(jiān)測(cè)四大核心指標(biāo)，確保測(cè)試結(jié)果的精準(zhǔn)性和全面性。一是電壓指標(biāo)，實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)單體電池及電池組的電壓變化，跟蹤過(guò)充過(guò)程中電壓上升速率，判斷電池內(nèi)部電化學(xué)反應(yīng)是否正常；二是溫度指標(biāo)，通過(guò)規(guī)范布置溫度傳感器，精準(zhǔn)監(jiān)測(cè)電池表面及關(guān)鍵部位溫度，記錄溫度上升曲線，判斷是否出現(xiàn)熱失控前兆；三是外觀狀態(tài)，全程觀察電池是否出現(xiàn)鼓包、漏液、冒煙、起火等異?，F(xiàn)象，記錄異?，F(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)的時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)和過(guò)充參數(shù)；四是保護(hù)裝置響應(yīng)，監(jiān)測(cè)電池過(guò)充保護(hù)電路、溫度保護(hù)裝置的觸發(fā)時(shí)間和工作狀態(tài)，驗(yàn)證保護(hù)裝置的可靠性和有效性。
</p>
<h2 class="heading-2 ace-line old-record-id-Ld0wfrF8sdhX36clFDecr5KPnCb">
四、電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)電池過(guò)充安全可靠性測(cè)試的通用流程
</h2>
<p>
基于GB 31241-2024要求，電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)電池過(guò)充安全可靠性測(cè)試需遵循嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)牟僮髁鞒?，確保測(cè)試過(guò)程可控、測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)精準(zhǔn)、測(cè)試結(jié)果有效，整個(gè)流程分為測(cè)試準(zhǔn)備、測(cè)試實(shí)施、結(jié)果判定三個(gè)核心階段，各階段均有明確的操作規(guī)范和技術(shù)要求。
</p>
<h3 class="heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-EBKufxRCkd079OcxaTHcjSdNnOh">
（一）測(cè)試準(zhǔn)備
</h3>
<p>
測(cè)試前需完成多項(xiàng)準(zhǔn)備工作，確保測(cè)試順利開(kāi)展。首先，明確測(cè)試依據(jù)和要求，嚴(yán)格按照GB 31241-2024相關(guān)條款，確定測(cè)試對(duì)象（單體電池/電池組）、測(cè)試參數(shù)（充電電壓、電流）、監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)及合格判據(jù)；其次，準(zhǔn)備測(cè)試樣品，樣品需保持出廠狀態(tài)，配備完整的保護(hù)裝置（如BMS電池管理系統(tǒng)、過(guò)充保護(hù)電路），數(shù)量需滿(mǎn)足測(cè)試重復(fù)性要求，同時(shí)提供電池額定參數(shù)、保護(hù)裝置規(guī)格等相關(guān)技術(shù)資料；最后，搭建測(cè)試環(huán)境和測(cè)試系統(tǒng)，測(cè)試環(huán)境需具備防火、防爆、通風(fēng)功能，溫度、濕度等參數(shù)符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求，測(cè)試系統(tǒng)包括充電設(shè)備、電壓電流監(jiān)測(cè)儀器、溫度傳感器、數(shù)據(jù)記錄設(shè)備等，所有設(shè)備需提前校準(zhǔn)，確保測(cè)量精度，同時(shí)布置好溫度傳感器，確保其位置符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范。
</p>
<h3 class="heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-F2uEfFaE1dqMdAckwMLcNj1Mnvz">
（二）測(cè)試實(shí)施
</h3>
<p>
測(cè)試實(shí)施階段需嚴(yán)格按照GB 31241-2024規(guī)定的方法操作，杜絕違規(guī)操作影響測(cè)試結(jié)果。首先，對(duì)測(cè)試樣品進(jìn)行預(yù)充電檢查，將電池充至額定容量，確認(rèn)電池外觀無(wú)異常、保護(hù)裝置工作正常、各項(xiàng)參數(shù)符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求；隨后，按照預(yù)設(shè)的測(cè)試參數(shù)連接測(cè)試系統(tǒng)，確保接線正確、接觸良好，避免因接線錯(cuò)誤引發(fā)測(cè)試偏差；接著，啟動(dòng)測(cè)試，施加過(guò)充信號(hào)，同時(shí)啟動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)記錄設(shè)備，實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)并記錄電池電壓、電流、溫度及外觀狀態(tài)變化，嚴(yán)格按照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求控制過(guò)充時(shí)長(zhǎng)，若電池出現(xiàn)異常現(xiàn)象，需持續(xù)記錄異常發(fā)展過(guò)程及相關(guān)參數(shù)；測(cè)試結(jié)束后，停止施加過(guò)充信號(hào)，繼續(xù)觀察電池狀態(tài)，直至電池恢復(fù)穩(wěn)定或確認(rèn)無(wú)進(jìn)一步安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
</p>
<h3 class="heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-NYohfyEWddLqHRcWBlDcMmYAnvd">
（三）結(jié)果判定
</h3>
<p>
測(cè)試結(jié)果按照GB 31241-2024規(guī)定的合格判據(jù)進(jìn)行判定，核心判據(jù)為：測(cè)試過(guò)程中及測(cè)試后，電池及電池組不得發(fā)生起火、爆炸等惡性安全事故；允許出現(xiàn)輕微鼓包，但不得出現(xiàn)漏液、冒煙等異?，F(xiàn)象；電池保護(hù)裝置需在過(guò)充達(dá)到危險(xiǎn)閾值前正常觸發(fā)，有效切斷過(guò)充電路，阻止過(guò)充繼續(xù)發(fā)生；測(cè)試后，電池各項(xiàng)參數(shù)（如電壓、容量）需符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的安全范圍，無(wú)不可逆損壞。若測(cè)試樣品滿(mǎn)足上述所有判據(jù)，則判定過(guò)充安全可靠性測(cè)試合格；若出現(xiàn)任意一項(xiàng)不合格情況，需判定為不合格，并分析不合格原因，提出整改建議，整改后需重新開(kāi)展測(cè)試直至合格。
</p>
<h2 class="heading-2 ace-line old-record-id-UVEYfRKLjdS0WEch8XpcBDlZnRf">
五、電池過(guò)充安全優(yōu)化方向與測(cè)試發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
</h2>
<p>
結(jié)合過(guò)充安全可靠性測(cè)試結(jié)果，依托GB 31241-2024標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求，電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)電池過(guò)充安全性能優(yōu)化可從三個(gè)核心層面入手。硬件設(shè)計(jì)層面，選用抗過(guò)充性能優(yōu)良的電芯，優(yōu)化電池內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)，同時(shí)配備高性能過(guò)充保護(hù)電路和溫度保護(hù)裝置，采用雙重保護(hù)設(shè)計(jì)，提升保護(hù)可靠性；軟件控制層面，優(yōu)化BMS電池管理系統(tǒng)的過(guò)充監(jiān)測(cè)算法，縮短保護(hù)觸發(fā)響應(yīng)時(shí)間，精準(zhǔn)識(shí)別過(guò)充信號(hào)，避免誤觸發(fā)或延遲觸發(fā)；生產(chǎn)管控層面，嚴(yán)格按照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求把控電芯質(zhì)量和保護(hù)裝置裝配精度，加強(qiáng)成品測(cè)試，杜絕不合格產(chǎn)品流入市場(chǎng)，同時(shí)在電池組上清晰標(biāo)注安全使用年限，提醒用戶(hù)及時(shí)淘汰老舊電池。
</p>
<p>
隨著電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)產(chǎn)業(yè)的不斷升級(jí)和安全要求的不斷提高，結(jié)合GB 31241-2024標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的實(shí)施，過(guò)充安全可靠性測(cè)試呈現(xiàn)出三大發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。一是測(cè)試場(chǎng)景更加貼合實(shí)際，逐步模擬不同充電設(shè)備、不同環(huán)境溫度、不同保護(hù)裝置故障等復(fù)雜過(guò)充場(chǎng)景，提升測(cè)試的實(shí)用性；二是測(cè)試智能化水平提升，采用自動(dòng)化測(cè)試系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)充信號(hào)精準(zhǔn)控制、數(shù)據(jù)自動(dòng)采集、分析及報(bào)告生成，提高測(cè)試效率和數(shù)據(jù)精度；三是測(cè)試范圍進(jìn)一步拓展，結(jié)合電池全生命周期，開(kāi)展老舊電池、循環(huán)充放電后電池的過(guò)充安全測(cè)試，全面評(píng)估電池在不同使用階段的過(guò)充安全性能，同時(shí)結(jié)合互認(rèn)協(xié)同充電要求，將充電設(shè)備匹配性納入過(guò)充測(cè)試關(guān)聯(lián)評(píng)估，進(jìn)一步降低過(guò)充安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
</p>
<h2 class="heading-2 ace-line old-record-id-Ty7lfJ1OsdSdjycGAdpcKgGTnve">
六、結(jié)語(yǔ)
</h2>
<p>
電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)電池過(guò)充安全可靠性測(cè)試，以GB 31241-2024為核心依據(jù)，是防范電池過(guò)充安全隱患、保障使用者安全、規(guī)范產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵手段。其核心價(jià)值在于通過(guò)科學(xué)、規(guī)范的測(cè)試，驗(yàn)證電池過(guò)充防護(hù)能力，明確產(chǎn)品安全邊界，推動(dòng)電池設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、測(cè)試全流程的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、規(guī)范化。隨著GB 31241-2024標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的深入實(shí)施和測(cè)試技術(shù)的不斷升級(jí)，過(guò)充安全測(cè)試將更加精細(xì)化、全面化、智能化，不僅能有效遏制電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)電池過(guò)充安全事故的發(fā)生，還能推動(dòng)電池安全技術(shù)的持續(xù)創(chuàng)新，助力電動(dòng)滑板車(chē)產(chǎn)業(yè)高質(zhì)量、安全化發(fā)展，為公眾出行安全提供堅(jiān)實(shí)保障。
</p>
<p>
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